The construct [X] ない ... [Y]はない is used to mean something like "There is no X which does not/is not Y. It's essentially stating that all X's are Y.
このクラスには、宿題をしない学生はいない。休む時に、先生に連絡しない学生もいない。
In this class, there is no student who doesn't do the homework. And when absent, there is no student who doesn't contact the teacher.
しないおとめはない。
There's no otome that I won't play.
酸素や水を必要としない生物は地球にはいない。
There is no living thing on the earth that does not need oxygen and water.
私のトキという猫に買わないおもちゃはない。
There's no toy that I won't buy for my kitty Toki.
Tuesday, February 6, 2018
Monday, February 5, 2018
Verb Stem + 出す
The verb 出す can be added to the stem of another verb to mean one of two things.
1. Someone makes something available or accessible that was not available or accessible before (perhaps because it didn't exist, or perhaps for other reasons).
2. Something begins or starts. This differs from 始める in that 始める can be used for things that are volitional, while 出す cannot. On the other side, 出す can be used for actions that begin abruptly, while 始める cannot.
赤ちゃんが泣き出したので、お母さんは急いでミルクをあげた。
The baby started crying, so the mom hurriedly gave it some milk.
田中がトムの弟を打ってと、叫び出してしまったんだ。
When Tanaka punched Tom's little brother, he started screaming at him.
図書館で１時間ぐらいかかって、ついにその本を探し出した時は、うれしかった。
It took about an hour at the library, but when I finally tracked down that book, I was thrilled.
この間、先週メアリーがしくじったということ見つけ出したんだよね。
The other day, I found out that Mary got fired last week.
1. Someone makes something available or accessible that was not available or accessible before (perhaps because it didn't exist, or perhaps for other reasons).
2. Something begins or starts. This differs from 始める in that 始める can be used for things that are volitional, while 出す cannot. On the other side, 出す can be used for actions that begin abruptly, while 始める cannot.
赤ちゃんが泣き出したので、お母さんは急いでミルクをあげた。
The baby started crying, so the mom hurriedly gave it some milk.
田中がトムの弟を打ってと、叫び出してしまったんだ。
When Tanaka punched Tom's little brother, he started screaming at him.
図書館で１時間ぐらいかかって、ついにその本を探し出した時は、うれしかった。
It took about an hour at the library, but when I finally tracked down that book, I was thrilled.
この間、先週メアリーがしくじったということ見つけ出したんだよね。
The other day, I found out that Mary got fired last week.
である
である is the formal plain form of だ and is generally reserved for formal writing and speech. It can be used just like だ after nouns and na-adjectives. Its forms are:
である - formal plain affirmative
ではない - formal plain negative
であります - formal polite affirmative
ではありません - formal polite negative
It helps to remember that the two positive forms are simply like だ, and the two negative forms are simply like じゃない. These forms can occur in relative clauses before nouns, while だ cannot.
哲学者のパスカルは、人間は考える葦であると言った。
Philosopher Pascal once said that man is a thinking reed.
こんなにたくさんの人が読んでいるのだから、面白い本であるに違いない。
Since so many people are reading it, it must be an interesting book.
あの話は本当ではないと言われていたが、最近、本当だということが分かった。
I was told that that story wasn't true, but recently, I found out that it is true.
新型ではないケータイを使っているので、ケータイでＥメールが出来ない。
I'm not using a new model phone, so I can't send emails with it.
である - formal plain affirmative
ではない - formal plain negative
であります - formal polite affirmative
ではありません - formal polite negative
It helps to remember that the two positive forms are simply like だ, and the two negative forms are simply like じゃない. These forms can occur in relative clauses before nouns, while だ cannot.
哲学者のパスカルは、人間は考える葦であると言った。
Philosopher Pascal once said that man is a thinking reed.
こんなにたくさんの人が読んでいるのだから、面白い本であるに違いない。
Since so many people are reading it, it must be an interesting book.
あの話は本当ではないと言われていたが、最近、本当だということが分かった。
I was told that that story wasn't true, but recently, I found out that it is true.
新型ではないケータイを使っているので、ケータイでＥメールが出来ない。
I'm not using a new model phone, so I can't send emails with it.
Sunday, February 4, 2018
More on さえ
When さえ is used in non-conditional clauses, it translates as "even." Compare this to its usage with conditional verbs, where it generally means "if only." It does not occur alongside the particle が, を is usually not used with it, and the particles へ and に can optionally be used with it. All other particles are mandatory.
私は旅行が大好きで世界中を旅行した。南極へさえ行ったことがある。
I love traveling, and I've traveled throughout the world. I've even been to Antarctica.
アリスはリーさんが大好きだね。クリスマスに車さえ買ったんだ。
Alice really loves Lee-san. She even bought him a car for Christmas.
会議には世界中から人々が集まった。一番遠いロシアからさえ参加者があった。
People from around the world gathered at the conference. There were even participants from as far as Russia.
鍵を探しながら、古い財布を見つけて、１０ドルさえ見つけたんだ。
While I was looking for my keys, I found my old wallet, and even found $10.
私は旅行が大好きで世界中を旅行した。南極へさえ行ったことがある。
I love traveling, and I've traveled throughout the world. I've even been to Antarctica.
アリスはリーさんが大好きだね。クリスマスに車さえ買ったんだ。
Alice really loves Lee-san. She even bought him a car for Christmas.
会議には世界中から人々が集まった。一番遠いロシアからさえ参加者があった。
People from around the world gathered at the conference. There were even participants from as far as Russia.
鍵を探しながら、古い財布を見つけて、１０ドルさえ見つけたんだ。
While I was looking for my keys, I found my old wallet, and even found $10.
それでは
The phrases それでは and では (the abbreviated form) can be used at the beginning of a sentence to express something like "if that's the case", with "that" referring to a previous statement. They're typically used in formal or written language, while それじゃ and じゃ are used in spoken language. Other definitions include "if so" or simply "well then."
日本のオタク文化は世界中に広がり、日本を代表する文化の一つになったという人もいる。では、オタク文化がこのように世界に広がった理由は何だろうか？
There are people who say that Japanese otaku culture has spread throughout the world and become one of Japan's representative cultures. So, what do you think the reason is that otaku culture has spread like this throughout the world?
A: 先生、すみません。実は、金曜日に就職のための面接があって、クラスを休まなくてはいけないので、試験が受けられないんですが。
B: そうですか。じゃ、前の日の木曜日に、研究室に受けに来て下さい。
A: はい。それでは、木曜日の先生のオフィスアワーに研究室にうかがいます。
A: Excuse me, sensei. I actually have a job interview on Friday, so since I have to miss class that day, I won't be able to take the test...
B: Is that so? In that case, on Thursday, the day before, please come to my office to take it.
A: Sure. Then, I'll come to your office during office hours on Thursday.
日本のオタク文化は世界中に広がり、日本を代表する文化の一つになったという人もいる。では、オタク文化がこのように世界に広がった理由は何だろうか？
There are people who say that Japanese otaku culture has spread throughout the world and become one of Japan's representative cultures. So, what do you think the reason is that otaku culture has spread like this throughout the world?
A: 先生、すみません。実は、金曜日に就職のための面接があって、クラスを休まなくてはいけないので、試験が受けられないんですが。
B: そうですか。じゃ、前の日の木曜日に、研究室に受けに来て下さい。
A: はい。それでは、木曜日の先生のオフィスアワーに研究室にうかがいます。
A: Excuse me, sensei. I actually have a job interview on Friday, so since I have to miss class that day, I won't be able to take the test...
B: Is that so? In that case, on Thursday, the day before, please come to my office to take it.
A: Sure. Then, I'll come to your office during office hours on Thursday.
Friday, February 2, 2018
～向け
The suffix 向け can be added to a noun to mean "made for..." or "for the use of..." It's intended to describe the purpose of that noun and what it's used for or who it's made for.
このサイトは携帯電話向けだから、コンピュータでは見にくい。
This site is meant for mobile phones, so it's hard to look at on the computer.
このマンガは少女向けだけど、大好きだよ。
This manga is meant for younger girls, but I still love it.
日本の電車やバスにあるシルバーシートというのは、お年寄りや体の弱い人向けの席のことです。
The seats on Japanese trains and buses known as シルバーシート are intended for the elderly and those who are frail.
私の犬には、子供向け新しいおもちゃを買ってやった。
I got my dog a new toy that's made for kids.
このサイトは携帯電話向けだから、コンピュータでは見にくい。
This site is meant for mobile phones, so it's hard to look at on the computer.
このマンガは少女向けだけど、大好きだよ。
This manga is meant for younger girls, but I still love it.
日本の電車やバスにあるシルバーシートというのは、お年寄りや体の弱い人向けの席のことです。
The seats on Japanese trains and buses known as シルバーシート are intended for the elderly and those who are frail.
私の犬には、子供向け新しいおもちゃを買ってやった。
I got my dog a new toy that's made for kids.
その上
The phrase その上 is used to emphasize an additional piece of information. It can translate quite literally to the English equivalent "on top of that." It can also read as "in addition", "besides", or "moreover."
最近のケータイは写真が撮れるだけでなく、メールも出来る。その上、インターネットやテレビも見られる。これは、もう電話じゃない。
These days, not only can you take pictures with your cell phone, but you can also send email. On top of that, you can also do internet and watch TV. That's not a phone anymore.
リーさんはかっこうよくて、頭がよくて、その上、お金持ちだね。
Lee-san is handsome, smart, and moreover, he's rich. (I do not condone this~)
日本語の漢字は音読みと訓読みがあって、覚えるのが大変だ。その上、「一人」とか「今日」のような特別な読み方の漢字もあるので、漢字の勉強に時間がかかる。
Japanese kanji have on'yomi and kun'yomi readings, so it's tough to memorize. On top of that, because there are kanji that have specialized readings like 一人 and 今日, kanji studies take time.
誕生日に、彼氏はチョコレートとぬいぐるみをくれた。その上、好きなレストランにおごったんだ。
For my birthday, my boyfriend gave me chocolates and a stuffed animal. On top of that, he treated me to my favorite restaurant.
最近のケータイは写真が撮れるだけでなく、メールも出来る。その上、インターネットやテレビも見られる。これは、もう電話じゃない。
These days, not only can you take pictures with your cell phone, but you can also send email. On top of that, you can also do internet and watch TV. That's not a phone anymore.
リーさんはかっこうよくて、頭がよくて、その上、お金持ちだね。
Lee-san is handsome, smart, and moreover, he's rich. (I do not condone this~)
日本語の漢字は音読みと訓読みがあって、覚えるのが大変だ。その上、「一人」とか「今日」のような特別な読み方の漢字もあるので、漢字の勉強に時間がかかる。
Japanese kanji have on'yomi and kun'yomi readings, so it's tough to memorize. On top of that, because there are kanji that have specialized readings like 一人 and 今日, kanji studies take time.
誕生日に、彼氏はチョコレートとぬいぐるみをくれた。その上、好きなレストランにおごったんだ。
For my birthday, my boyfriend gave me chocolates and a stuffed animal. On top of that, he treated me to my favorite restaurant.
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